Introduction
Aging is commonly defined as the accumulation of
diverse deleterious changes occurring in cells and tissues with advancing age
that are responsible for the increased risk of disease and death (Harman,
2003). The observation that most of the animals living in a natural environment
rarely becomes senescent (because dying earlier for predation, disease,
starvation, or drought) (Holliday 2006) suggests that aging is a phenomenon
unique to the human species (Hayfl ick 2000b). In other words, the advancing
knowledge of hygiene and biomedicine has led us to discover the aging process,
something that was teleologically not intended for us to be experienced (Hayfl
ick 2000b). The immediate consequence of the extended life expectancy is
represented by the increasing number of older people in developed countries, an
artefact of human civilization (Hayfl ick 1998, 2000a). Aging can be defined as
an increase in the probability of death. This is how the rate of aging can be
measured. Humans die not from ‘healthy’ aging but from age related diseases.
Healthy aging (a late onset of disease) is associated with longevity. For
example, centenarians show significant delay in the onset of age-related
diseases, including cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, cancer and
Alzheimer’s disease.
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پروپوزال انگلیسی در زمینه ژنتیک پزشکی زن های ضد پیری پروپوزال ژنتیک پزشکی ژنتیک پزشکی پروپوزال ژنتیک پروپوزال ژن های ضد پیری دانلود پروپوزال ژن های ضد پیری HUMAN ANTI AGING GENES